The Way Employee Union Are Organized in Malaysia Free Essays

string(107) " is the particular trade union must be representing of themselves only and not representing of the others\." INTRODUCTION In the eye of history, Malaysian industrial relations undergo some valuable changes with the expanding European capitalism through Industrial Revolution from the early sixteenth century. Various parts of what is now Malaysia came under British rule some time during the nineteenth century. Then, the emergence of Malaysian industrial relations is also associated with immigrant laborers and British colonialism. We will write a custom essay sample on The Way Employee Union Are Organized in Malaysia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Basically, industrial relations is known as relationship between employee, labour or employment. Industrial relations is not related to the relationships between one industry to another at all. And industrial relations in the public sector yet is referring to the relationship between the government and the public sector’s employees. The employer referred to in the public sector is the government which the employee will be under the power of them. As far as Malaysian industrial relations is concerned, the term public sector refers to the public services and to statutory authorities. Therefore, the term â€Å"public sector† refer to the federal and state government services, and to the federal and state statutory and local authorities. This government has been divided into few levels which is federal government (Ministry of Human Resource), federal statutory authorities (MARA), state statutory authorities ( Jabatan Agama Islam Johor) and also the local authorities (Majlis Daerah Segamat Selatan). We can see the differences between the public sector and those in private sector. The public sector has their own uniqueness which can be seen in few perpectives regarding to the principles underlying the systems, the parties involved, the way employees’ unions are organised, the way employees are grouped and also the machineries cater for industrial relations in the public sector. First of all, the public sector seems to be unique because of the principles underlying in industrial relations. The principles underlying in both public and private sectors are different at all. In Sec 52 of IRA stated that Parts 2, 3, 4 and 6 shall not apply to any public sectors since these parts are only been applied to the private sector. The principles involved are the trade unionism, recognition, collective bargaining and dispute settlements respectively. The trade union basically is an association or combination whether for employers and the employees too. The trade union is playing oles for protect the rights of workers by doing the collective bargaining to the employers. Before that, that particular trade union have to be recognized first to ensure that the collective bargaining may be successfully been achieved. The IRA requires that the union be recognized by the employer as the proper representative of those employees; in other words: the Act makes union recognition a ne cessary prerequisite to collective bargaining. Besides, regarding the collective bargaining, it is the principal means of improving the terms and conditions of employment of employees and thereby promoting their economic welfare. In contrast, all of these things are not applied to those public sector. And the largest employer in the public sector is represented by the federal government. Even the public sector has no collective bargaining and so on those the employer, employees and their trade unions also the government will sit together. This is based on the tripartite system which has been applied to this country. This tripartite system are made up of three parties which are the employer, employee and the government. There will be discussions made between them to resolve any disputes that arise among them This means the decision does not made by unilaterally; by the management on behalf of the employer without any interference by workers and the other parties. Next, the most unique characteristic that can be seen in Malaysian industrial relation system is the party involvement in the system. As we can see, Malaysia has allocated two areas in the employment sector, which is the public sector and private sector. It is important to differentiate between these two sectors. What is mean by the public sector actually? Public sector here refers to the Public Services as well as to Statutory Authorities. Statutory Authority in the other hand means a body established, appointed or constituted by any written law, whether federal or state, including a local authority. Thus, public sector is the largest sector in which the government acts as the employer of all civil servants. In addition, trade unions in the public sector are permitted to organize unions per ministry, department, profession or activity, as well as to join federations. Employees in statutory bodies (such as ports and the Employees’ Provident Fund) are only authorized to join internal trade unions, which, in turn, may join the Civil Service Federation and the national trade union centre. Employees working for the defense sector, police force or prisons do not have the right to form or join trade unions. Then, there is no employer union in public sector as the federal, state governments and local authorities are said to act as the employer. Therefore, the government doesn’t need to form any union to represent themselves. Other than public sector, Malaysian also allocated the other areas for the servant whom is not in public sector which named private sector. This private sector servant usually involved the workers whom are working under their own employers. One of the biggest examples of jobs in this sector is from the banking sector. On the top of that, these private sectors have a little immunity that allowed the employers and the employees to form their union as the medium to protect their right. In fact, the union was also established to facilitate consultation and discussion for both sides. This is also help to communicate and understand each other well and ensure a conducive working environment as well as to avoid problem occurs. Moreover, the advantage of private sector unions is that they can carry out collective bargaining to voice their demands. The third uniqueness characteristic of public sector industrial relations in Malaysia is the ways employees are organized. What means here is the particular trade union must be representing of themselves only and not representing of the others. You read "The Way Employee Union Are Organized in Malaysia" in category "Papers" For example, regarding on the blue collar union and white collar union. Those in blue collar union can only represent for the blue collar union and those in white collar union can only represent for the white collar union . And the most important thing here is the employee unions in the public sector are organizing along ministry or department or occupation or statutory authority lines or local authority lines. It is because they want to determine the shape and nature of the public goods and services, which the members deliver so that workers and the communities they serve can see that the union is relevant to the needs of a changing world. It is good for the interests of all workers and the people who use their services and has a vision of the future, which ensures the centrality of unions in that future. The employees cannot join the trade union and also be an executive in another trade union. According to Oxford Dictionary, the term ministry is a government department headed by a minister. This means that a minister will heads every ministry. As in Malaysia we are headed by our respectful Prime Minister Y. A. B. DATO’ SRI MOHD. NAJIB BIN TUN HAJI ABDUL RAZAK which he is also the minister in Ministry of Finance. Besides, Our Deputy Prime Minister Y. A. B. TAN SRI DATO’ HAJI MUHYIDDIN BIN MOHD. YASSIN also is the minister in Ministry in Education. Examples of Ministry in Malaysia are Ministry of Human Recourse, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Defense etc. Basically we have 24 of ministry after the last reshuffle in 2009. The employee unions in the public sector are organizing by ministry because they have different services to be served for the public. For example, The Ministry of Health’s role is basically to lay the policy and the direction of health services in the country also to enforce regulations and be the regulator. The Ministry of Health does not have the same service to the other ministries like the Ministry of Higher Education. Thus, employees in the Ministry of Health cannot join the trade union of the Ministry of Higher Education. The employee unions in the public sector are also organizing by department. Every ministry will have their own departments. For example in Ministry of Defence, they have development department, administration department, policy department, national service department etc. Each department been leaded by different persons. They might be in the same ministry but they have different tasks and responsibilities to carry out but still have to communicate to each other even they are not in the same department. However, if they want to form a trade union, they must form according to their department because of their different works Next is they are organizing by occupation. If they are in the same department that does not mean that, they have the same job. For example, in Ministry of Health, they have medical department and in medical department, they have another small department, which are the development of medical department, the practise of medical department, the allied health science department, the telehealth department and the nursing department. The practise of medical department, which are the doctors, and the nursing department, which are the nurses, cannot forming the same trade union. The doctors will form their own trade union and cannot join the nurses’ trade union and vice versa. They are also organizing by statutory authority. According to Trade Union Act â€Å"statutory authority† means any authority or body established, appointed or constituted by any written law, and includes any local authority. Example of statutory authority is ATTORNEY-GENERAL’S CHAMBERS, CENTRAL BANK OF MALAYSIA, FEDERAL LAND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (FELDA), NATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY CORPORATION (NPC), TELEKOM MALAYSIA BERHAD etc. They must form their own trade union and cannot join another statutory authority trade union. For example, TELEKOM MALAYSIA BERHAD workers cannot join FEDERAL LAND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (FELDA) trade union because they have completely different work and an employee of a statutory authority can only join and been accepted as a member by a trade union whose membership is confined exclusively to employees of that particular statutory authority. They are also organizing by local authority. A local authority is an organization that is officially responsible for all the public services and facilities in a particular area. An employee of a local authority can only join or been accepted as a member by a trade union whose membership is confined exclusively to employees of one or more local authorities. There are four types of local government in this country who are prepared according to the hierarchy is The city also known as City Hall or the City Council, City also known as the Municipal Council, Rural areas also known as the District Council, Special area also known as the Corporation or Local Authority. Example workers in City (Municipal Council) cannot join trade union in Special area. The Fourth uniqueness characteristic of public sector industrial relations in Malaysia is the ways employees are grouped. The employees in the public sector may group themselves in union or in associations and still enjoy any of the benefits of union representation. This mean that the public workers can get any benefits of union representation even the public workers not joining the union. For the example, a teacher will get the salary increases in that year as decided by the government although the teacher is not a member of National Union of the Teaching Profession in Malaysia (NUTP). All the bargaining are discussed at the national level between the government with Congress of Employees in the Public and Civil Services (CUEPACS). Since the government is the employer of the public workers all of the decision is depends on the government budget. In contrast, in private sector, those who are not joining the trade union, thus will not get any benefits given to that particular trade union. For example, any benefits given to the Petronas Employers Union will not be given to any employers of Petronas who are not joining the trade union. Here we can see the advantages if those in the private sector are joining in the trade union since they will know their interest towards their job. They will know what their rights should get from the employers and the company itself, they can bargain more such as for the wages and also better working conditions. It is good for them to know their rights as well since they can make sure that their employer does not suppress their workers’ rights. But in the same time, there will be some disadvantages to be in the private sector rather than those in public sector since the public workers may get the benefits whether ther are or they are not joining the trade union. Finally, finally yet importantly, the uniqueness of industrial relations in Malaysian public sector is the machineries that cater for industrial relation in public sector. In fact, these machineries in the public sector is unique and has no equivalent in the private sector. Thus, the following are the list of the machineries which are the first one is Salaries Commission and Salaries Committees. Then, it is followed by The Public Service Department, the Public Service Tribunal and last but not least, The Joint Councils. All these machineries have their roles in order to ensure the systematic structured in the public sector. Salaries Commission and Salaries Committees are appointed by the federal government and are necessary for the review of salaries and related conditions and these series of ad hoc commissions was kept on established since 1960s. The establishment of this commission is needed as they are also review working conditions and workers work as a whole or part of the public sector. Other than that, they are also assigned to make recommendations on those matters. In 1992 for example, the Special Committee of the Cabinet on Salaries makes the recommendations for the public sector and was known as New Remuneration Scheme and it has been renewed with the name Malaysian Remuneration Scheme in year 2002. Under this system, the employees got numbers of benefits such as paternity leave was introduced. . Thus, the reports from these two commissions will then be submitted to government and it is up to the government side, whether to accept or reject it. In fact, there is no legal obligation on the government to appoint such commissions or committees periodically, not to accept the recommendations made by them. If these recommendations submitted by them are not accepted by the government, then their recommendation will not be implemented. However, if these reports are being accepted by the government, then the recommendations will be implemented by the Public Service Department, which is also one of the important federal agencies in Malaysia. **** Next, move on the discussion on the matter of the Public Service Department (PSD) which is led by the Director General of Public Service. The PSD is organized along division lines in which there are eight divisions altogether as following divisions. The first one is recruitment division, and being followed by service division, training and career development division, wages and allowances division, pension division, negotiations division, The National Institute of Public Administration (Institut Tadbiran Awam Negara-INTAN) and finally the administration division. Each of this division has their own roles and function as for example the Service Division that formulates and implements personnel policies in the public services. These policies in addition cover such areas as the recruitment, confirmation, dismissal and re-employed of public service employees. Thus, this division also conducts all public service examinations, and it maintains the Government Staff Records Centre. Back to the main point, the Public Sector Department also acted as the human resources of the federal government and taking care only for the servant in the public sector. Besides, as being said above, the main function of PSD is to put into action on the accepted recommendations by the Salaries Commissions and Salaries Committee and thus, they are also responsible for all the implementation in the public sector includes supervise the National Joint Councils. Other than that, it is also functioned to negotiate any anomaly arising from the implementation of these recommendations with any public sector employees who is affected by it or with any organization of public sector employees whose members are affected by it. In short, the Public Service Department is responsible in initiating and also administrating personnel policies in all departments in which covered the public services employees too, from their recruitment until their retirement. ***** The Joint Councils (JCs) is machinery that is being modified from the Whitley Council machinery of the United Kingdom which was established in 1953. The Joint Councils is divided by two level which are the National Joint Councils and the Departmental Joint Councils. The National Joint Councils aim is to provide a body to establish communication through discussion between employers concerned and the government. It also constitute three councils which are one council for those in the Managerial and Professional Group and the other two councils are for employees in the Support Group. This councils are not available for Polices Forces, Armed Forces, Senior Managerial roup and public servants where the New Remuneration System (Sistem Saraan Baru-SSB) and Malaysian Remuneration System (Sistem Saraan Malaysia-SSM) does not apply. In the other side, the Department Joint Councils as well have it aim and functioned. This council provides a machinery to address any questions regarding work conditions and also obtain the views from the employees. It is also served for consultation between representatives of the ministry or department or statutory authority or local authority apprehensive and representatives of that ministry. ***** Finally, last but not least, the machinery that being use as a cater in the public sector is The Public Service Tribunal. The Public Service Tribunal was established in 1977 and it is to settle any dispute in regards to anomalies in the implementation of the recommendations by various Salaries Commission and Salaries Committees in which usually covered the issues regarding salaries and condition of service. Instead of that, any anomalies that come out will first referred to the Public Service Department (PSD). Once the Public Service Department rejected the claim, then the appeal can be made to the tribunal. The tribunal consists of a chairman and a panel of persons who have experiences and knowledge in matters of administration and was appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. However, this tribunal is being abolished in the year 2000 because the new approaches has already taken over and the new system will have a wider appeal. CONCLUSION As the conclusion, based on few perspectives that we have seen in comparing between both in public sector and private sector, the public sector seems to have their own uniqueness rather than the private sector. They are unique regarding to what has been applied to them regarding to the principles underlying the systems, the parties involved, the way employees’ unions are organised, the way employees are grouped and also the machineries cater for industrial relations in the public sector. Since the public sector have only one centered employer which is the government, thus the management of the public sector seems to be well-managed and well-organised rather than those in private sector which they have so many employers with different way of organizing their company at all. On the other hand, people works in the public sector also somehow get benefits than those working in private sector when everyone get the same things whether they are joining the trade union or not. REFERENCES )Wu Min Aun, (1982) Industrial Relations Law of Malaysia, page xviii, Heinemann Educational Books (LTD) 2)Dunston Ayadurai ,(2004) Industrial Relation in Malaysia Law and Practice, Third Edition 3)Maimunah Aminuddin,(1949), Malaysian Industrial Relations Employment Law, Sixth Edition, page 6, Malaysia, MC GRAW HILL EDUCATION. 4)http://mgv. mim. edu. my/MMR/9004/900405. Htm retrieved june12,2011 5)http://survey07. ituc-csi. org/getcountry. php? IDCountry=MYS=EN 6) Zanko,M, (2002) ,The handboo k of human resource management policies and practices in Asia-Pacific economies, United Kingdom, Edward Elgar Publishing. )Mumtaj Hasan, Harlida Abdul Wahab, (2003), Undang-Undang Pekerja Untuk Pengurus, Pahang, Malaysia, PTS Publication Distributors Sdn. Bhd. 8)http://www. worldpsi. org/TemplateEn. cfm? Section=PSI_publications=2126=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay. cfm 9)http://www. pmo. gov. my/? menu=cabinet=1797 10)http://www. mod. gov. my/ 11)2006-2007), The constitutional role of the Attorney General, Great Britain, Parliament: House of Commons: Constitutional Affairs Committee 12)http://www. moh. gov. my/ 13)http://www. malaysia-food-beverage. com/government. htm 14)http://mgv. mim. du. my/MMR/9004/900405. Htm 15)http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Local_government_in_Malaysia 16)Parenti, M, (2010), Democracy for the Few, Singapore, Cengage Learning. 17) 1920), National Lumberman, Commercial Journal Co. 18) http://www. unioncimb. org. my/home/news/TheFutureoftheTUMovementinMsia -CIMBConferenceArticle. pdf 19)http://mgv. mim. edu. my/MMR/9004/900405. Htm 20)Bowling, A. , (1981), Delegation in General Practice, United Kingdom, Routledge 21)(1989), Trade Union Act 1959 and Regulations Details on Trade Union Act 1959, Amendment with Index and Cases, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, MDC Sdn. 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Artificial Minds Autonomous Robots free essay sample

Two case-studies of relatively simple autonomous robot projects followed by a discussion of embodied cognition, emergent behaviour and how these concepts apply to the above robots. This document is comprised of case studies of two autonomous robot projects, namely Frank Scotts Hexapod Robots, and MITs Robot Ant Colony. Each case study describes the behaviour each robot exhibits, and technical information on how this behaviour is executed including mechanical parts, digital circuitry and programming techniques. The case studies are followed by a discussion of embodied cognition, and how the above robots actions can be explained in terms of embodied cognition. It also discusses emergent phenomenon, both in nature and artificially intelligent robots. The Rodney series of robots refers to a group of three six-legged autonomous robots whose design is based upon Rodney Brooks subsumption architecture. Rodney 3 is the most refined and recent robot. It supersedes both Rodney 1 2 and for this reason will be the focus of this summary. We will write a custom essay sample on Artificial Minds: Autonomous Robots or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rodney 3 is designed to operate in an environment featuring a slightly uneven surface that may be interrupted by many small obstacles and an occasional large obstacle, e.g. a pebbled track with the odd large stone or similar obstacle. The robots task is to climb over the smaller objects, and to avoid objects that are too large to climb over. To achieve the climbing action, all six legs must be able to operate independently of each other. The robot travels forward in a straight line until a large object is encountered. To avoid the object, it must reverse a few steps, shift its direction and continue its forward motion.

Discuss the relationships between parents and children in three poems in the anthology Essay Example

Discuss the relationships between parents and children in three poems in the anthology Essay Love takes up in many forms in life, and the poems Refugee Mother and Child, If and Poem at Thirty-Nine discusses about the relationship between parents and their child. Although they are all about love from either parents or a child, the bonds in each poem are not the same. In Refugee Mother and Child Chinua Achebe writes about a mother mourning to her dying child during the civil war in Nigeria and brings an image of the scene into the readers mind by using different imageries whereas If from Rudyard Kipling conveys the idea of paternal love from a father whom transfers virtues to his son of becoming a gentleman. Last but not least Poem at Thirty-Nine by Alice Walker shows the admiration of a daughter has for her deceased father and how much she misses him being by her side. Chinua Achebe establishes the idea of pure love from a mother through the poem Refugee Mother and Child. Achebe shows how the bond of love can a mother has with a child throughout the poem and relates it back to the Biafran war. The poem starts off with No Madonna and Child could touch that picture of a mothers tenderness which immediately brings the image of Mother Mary and Jesus into a readers head. The phrase Madonna and Child is a comparison Achebe used to evaluate the love between mother and child with a medieval aged love which is also a Christians idea of perfect love. This creates a concrete image for the reader which can allow the reader to relate directly to the bond between the mother and her dying child. Achebe then uses tenderness which illustrates the love is gentle, loving therefore creates a soothing atmosphere from the beginning. Achebe then employs a device technique of metaphor and personification in the phrase singing in her eyes to create a contrast between pride and sorrow the mother has for her son. When someone is singing in their eyes to a child is usually when a mother feels proud but singing in the poem illustrates the fear and sadness of the mother. Both of these phrases contain a sense of pure love which conveys the idea to the reader effectively creating not only an image but also the mood. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the relationships between parents and children in three poems in the anthology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the relationships between parents and children in three poems in the anthology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the relationships between parents and children in three poems in the anthology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Not only did Achebe successfully relate the readers to the mother of the dying child, he started to bring in some historical contexts during the civil war into the poem. Achebe established the idea of what parents have to do for their child in Refugee by using metaphorical devices to describe the hair of her son. The phrase she combed the rust-coloured hair left on his skull implies the symptoms caused by malnutrition. Kwashiokor is a protein deficiency which can be commonly found in Africa during the Biafran war. The Biafran war caused millions of people homeless whilst Achebe relates the poem back to the war to create a concrete image of the time and place. Although combing your own sons hair is a very simple thing for a mother to do, but the mother in Refugee is combing her sons hair for the last time ever. After the son has passed away, the mother will have to do another daily chore for him. Achebe transfers this idea through now she did it like putting flowers on a tiny grave to outline the things she has to do after he has passed on to the other side. The phrase tiny grave gives an impression of the grave being significantly small and horrifying than death itself although death is already bad enough. In spite of the child dying, the mother still takes care of him every minute, trying to forget the fact that shes about to lose him. On the other hand, If uses more of a harsh language from a father telling his own son that he has a choice in life only if he becomes more mature. Rudyard Kipling wrote If in a complex sentence to bring the sense of the perfect son throughout the poem and this was set during Victorian times when men had to do certain things to stay within the gentlemen society. During the Victorian times, a true gentleman never spoke of himself in public and Kipling expresses this idea in the poem through dont look too good, nor talk too wise. Kipling used the words good and wise which both have positive connotations, but when he used dont it turned the positive to a negative connotation stating that the father in the poem did not want his son to be too arrogant about himself. A gentleman has to do a lot of things to impress the others and being humble is only one of a few, a gentleman also has to stay on firm ground and keep his head down. Kipling wrote If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue, or walk with kings it indicates how a man cannot feel too proud of himself even when he gets high up in the society. The phrase keep your virtu e, Kipling implied the idea when a man is with his friends or popular within the society, he cannot mislead his peers or exploit them. Kipling whom was a truthful Christian believer showed his faithfulness by stating pride was one of the things a gentleman should not be doing. Throughout the poem, Kipling uses a father point of view to tell his son to be more mature. He not only tells him to be more mature, he also teaches him to treat good and bad with the same attitude so that he could have a better future. When Kipling wrote If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster and treat those two impostors just the same it contrasts the idea of bad and good in life but yet we have to treat them both with a calm attitude. The phrase Triumph and Disaster uses personification by capitalizing therefore the reader can receive the idea of the father trying to convert an abstract concept to a way that a child can understand. A child that never went through any lost tend to not understand the idea of good and evil, but when personification is added, he might understand the concept more thoroughly. Kipling used the word impostors to describe the good and bad in life in order to connect the audience of how an ideal gentleman should be. The father wants his son to be resilient towards the successes and failures in his life so that it does not upset his balance or give him too much hope. Dreams can be a part of your life, but do not let them deceive you into the wrong direction. Kipling indicates this concept by stating If you can dream-and not make dreams your master. The repetition of dream formed a contrast within the sentence from being idealistic to realistic. By this, Kipling passes on the thought of a gentleman can be creative but it cannot take over his true-self. In the poem Poem at Thirty Nine, Alice Walker conveys the idea of perfect parenthood by talking about how every parent wants the best for their own child. Walker first writes craved voluptuous sharing of good food to illustrate the father being generous and sharing. When Walker employs the words voluptuous and craved it suggested the father is eager to share and he gets pleasure from sharing with someone else and the kindness in him. Every parent has their own punishment for a mistake, however they do not punish for impractical reasons; they do it because they want the best for their child. He taught me that telling the truth did not always mean a beating; advocates this idea of by telling the truth does not always resolve in violence. When Walker used the word always she conveys the image of a child telling lies to a parent to avoid getting in trouble but when a child tells the truth, it does not always mean punishment and disagreements. The apostrophe at the end of the sentence sug gests the persona stopped and reflected on the sentence she was on. Other than parents wanting the best for their children, Walker also conveys the idea of how a child follows their parents footstep and grows into them. The father of Poem at Thirty-Nine was not rich or high up in the society therefore the daughter did not expect much in life. Walker stated I learned to see bits of paper as a way to escape the life he knew to show the audience that the persona was an adventurous person whom understood that money was one of the ways of being her further in life. Walker used the word escape to make the persona to seem trapped and unable to free herself however if she were to be wealthy, she will be able to travel to different parts of places at anytime. In conclusion, all three poems are able to convey and illustrate the attachment between parents and child through the use of different imageries and metaphors. Also the three different poets are greatly influenced by their misfortunate past events or particular incidents. Although they all take part in different places at different times, they all still contain a strong yet intimate bond between parents and child. Believing that love is all around, these poems have proved this idea and certainly influenced a lot of readers point of view towards parents and children.

Industrialization Example

Industrialization Example Industrialization – Coursework Example Industrialization Shortly after the civil war, increases in industrial productions marked this duration. These changes were catalyzed by technological innovations and business innovations as well. The development of railway roads, introduction of new corporate practices and resistance of governmental regulations fueled industrialization. From these changes, corporations had to seek larger workforce as their pull factor as farm migrants, immigrants or even the southern blacks. These workers were subjected to division depending on their race, skill ethnicity and education. These were among the reasons and plights that led to the formation of workers’ union to protect the employees as industrialization intensified. Competition played a major role as every entity wished to kick their competitor out of business to dominate in industrialization at all cost. Availability of raw material such as that used to manufacture steel also had a room to modify this era, those who had the labor force to handle it caused further industrialization while making names for themselves to prove stronger against their rivals. Other factors that lead to rapid growth of industries after the civil war includes; better technology and specialized production, which was boosted by the skilled labor in response to the specified market demands, and the newly created collection of consumers (Boyer 58). New methods of marketing and advertising were attributed to creation of consumer goods’ markets while the use of trademarks, guarantees and brand names were the main indicators. Although unskilled workers were exposed to harm, labor-saving machines were the other lead to industrialization. In conclusion, industrialization was boosted by the spirit of adventure, competition and availability of cheap resources besides the numerous discoveries. Work CitedBoyer, Paul S..  The enduring vision: a history of the American people. 5th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. Print.

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2 - Movie Review Example As he grows attached to Diego, he becomes lenient and also pursues a love interest-Diego’s neighbor. The Seventh Seal movie is a drama based on the medieval crusade times where the main character, Antonious Bloch faces many hurdles in his life. After he comes back from the crusades, he realizes that there is famine and plagues in his homeland and there is a man (Death) on his trail to kill him (SDG, 2005). Block challenges his assassin to a game of chess where the stakes are high. If block loses, he dies and if he is wins all is well with him and his family. There is a strong message in the film and a moral struggle between doing what is right for oneself and the interests of others. The game of chess decides the outcomes of individual’s lives(Young, 1960. This, in itself, is a moral contentious issue as the stakes are too high to be decided by individual’s game knowledge. Ashes and Diamonds concern the plight of Maciek, a young polish right-wing army man who is instructed to assassinate the new communist secretary (Bradshaw, 2009). He attempts but fails in his first trial, causing the death of two civilians. He tries again but he is not convinced he is doing the right thing. He falls in love with a girl at the hotel where the communist frontrunner stays. He eventually manages to kill the leader but also dies from wounds from a gunshot he sustained (Malcolm, 1999). The moral struggle in this film is portrayed in the conscience of the young soldier. He is not convinced that killing the communist secretary is appropriate and according to his principles. However, as an army officer, he is obligated to follow the orders he is given, killing the communist official. Zhang Yimou’s Red Sorghum is a chines film that covers the chines cultural revolution during the periods of 60s and 70s. It entails the story of a young poor girl who is

Criminal law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Criminal law - Assignment Example I believe that the wearing of the disguises added more intent to the crime. The use of violence also added necessitated the treatment of the crime as an adult offense. Section 8 of the Theft Act 1968 is primarily the law relevant to this case2. Robbery is considered an aggravated form of theft which involves force or the threat of force on a person. The robbery is further aggravated in this case by the wearing of disguises3. In general, the act of Alura includes the various elements of the crime of robbery, where an individual who steals, immediately before or at the time of stealing, uses force or threat of force, on any person, and uses such force or threat of force in order to steal4. The law is accurately portrayed in the article, as the elements of the crimes constituting robbery are presented in the article. What is downplayed however in the discussion is the age of the offender which is below the age of majority. In taking issue with discernment, the fact that the minor was ab le to plan out the crimes and having the foresight and skills to prepare disguises to conceal his identity indicates adequate discernment which should make him liable as an adult offender, therefore be treated and sentenced as such. 2. Graff Diamonds robber Aman Kassaye jailed for 23 years The issue discussed by the article refers to the crime of robbery, the sentence imposed by the courts, and the different aggravating elements which included the commission of the offense. The conspiracy to rob committed by the other conspirators to the crime was also indicated in the article5. I believe that the article covered the major elements pertinent to the robbery. As was discussed in the earlier article, the use of force or the threat or force or violence aggravates theft into robbery6. Moreover, impunity is added to the robbery with the use of disguises to the commission of the crime, hence the sentence of the offenders is in the higher ranges7. The cases of R v. Harding and R v. Eubank d emonstrate the increase in penalty for offenders carrying out armed robberies, with the use of firearms subject to a separate count. The kidnap of the shop assistant also constitutes another crime, which was also treated separately by the court in terms of sentence imposition8. All these elements of the crime combined led to the higher range of sentence imposed on the criminals. The law is more or less accurately portrayed in the article, especially in terms of the higher penalty imposed for the criminals, and the pertinent aggravating circumstances mentioned in the article. The fact that the crime is committed with firearms, with disguises, and with violence indicates elements which the courts would consider in order to establish the existence of the crime of robbery. The article however does not indicate why the sentences are different for the three offenders when they are all conspirators to the same offense. The article also does not mention the damages which were imposed on the different offenders considering that the property stolen amounts to substantial losses for the victims. 3. Gunmen grab diamonds worth ?32m in three minutes The article details the sophistication and the level of deception used by the offenders in order to perpetuate their offense. The article discusses the robbery itself, the use of automatic weapons, the value of the property stolen, and the use of disguises, including the impersonation of police officers in order to carry out the offense9. These details all contribute to the